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                The Grails Framework
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                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/introduction.html"><strong>1</strong><span>Introduction</span></a></div>
                                
                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html"><strong>2</strong><span>Getting Started</span></a></div>
                                
                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/upgrading.html"><strong>3</strong><span>Upgrading</span></a></div>
                                
                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/conf.html"><strong>4</strong><span>Configuration</span></a></div>
                                
                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html"><strong>5</strong><span>The Command Line</span></a></div>
                                
                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/profiles.html"><strong>6</strong><span>Application Profiles</span></a></div>
                                
                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/GORM.html"><strong>7</strong><span>Object Relational Mapping (GORM)</span></a></div>
                                
                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html"><strong>8</strong><span>The Web Layer</span></a></div>
                                
                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/traits.html"><strong>9</strong><span>Traits</span></a></div>
                                
                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/webServices.html"><strong>10</strong><span>Web Services</span></a></div>
                                
                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/async.html"><strong>11</strong><span>Asynchronous Programming</span></a></div>
                                
                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/validation.html"><strong>12</strong><span>Validation</span></a></div>
                                
                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/services.html"><strong>13</strong><span>The Service Layer</span></a></div>
                                
                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/staticTypeCheckingAndCompilation.html"><strong>14</strong><span>Static Type Checking And Compilation</span></a></div>
                                
                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/testing.html"><strong>15</strong><span>Testing</span></a></div>
                                
                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/i18n.html"><strong>16</strong><span>Internationalization</span></a></div>
                                
                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/security.html"><strong>17</strong><span>Security</span></a></div>
                                
                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/plugins.html"><strong>18</strong><span>Plugins</span></a></div>
                                
                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/spring.html"><strong>19</strong><span>Grails and Spring</span></a></div>
                                
                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/hibernate.html"><strong>20</strong><span>Grails and Hibernate</span></a></div>
                                
                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/scaffolding.html"><strong>21</strong><span>Scaffolding</span></a></div>
                                
                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/deployment.html"><strong>22</strong><span>Deployment</span></a></div>
                                
                                <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0"><a href="./guide/contributing.html"><strong>23</strong><span>Contributing to Grails</span></a></div>
                                
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                            <h1>The Grails Framework</h1>
                            <p><strong>Authors:</strong> Graeme Rocher, Peter Ledbrook, Marc Palmer, Jeff Brown, Luke Daley, Burt Beckwith, Lari Hotari</p>
                            <p><strong>Version:</strong> 3.2.11</p>
                            
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                            <h2>Table of Contents</h2>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html"><strong>1</strong><span>Introduction</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#whatsNew"><strong>1.1</strong><span>What's new in Grails 3.2?</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#whatsNewGORM"><strong>1.1.1</strong><span>GORM 6 Suite</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#whatsNewRxJava"><strong>1.1.2</strong><span>RxJava Support</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#whatsNewAngular"><strong>1.1.3</strong><span>Angular Support</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#whatsNewJSONViews"><strong>1.1.4</strong><span>JSON Views 1.1</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#whatsNewCors"><strong>1.1.5</strong><span>CORS Support</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#whatsNewGrailsWrapper"><strong>1.1.6</strong><span>Grails Wrapper</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#dependencyUpgrades"><strong>1.1.7</strong><span>Updated Dependencies</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#otherNovelties"><strong>1.1.8</strong><span>Other Novelties</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#whatsNew31"><strong>1.2</strong><span>What's new in Grails 3.1?</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#profileImprovements"><strong>1.2.1</strong><span>Improvements to Grails 3 Profiles</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#webApiAndAngularProfiles"><strong>1.2.2</strong><span>REST API and AngularJS Profiles</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#gorm5"><strong>1.2.3</strong><span>GORM 5 Suite</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#grailsWrapper"><strong>1.2.4</strong><span>Grails Wrapper</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/introduction.html#pluginPublishing"><strong>1.2.5</strong><span>Plugin Publishing Plugins</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html"><strong>2</strong><span>Getting Started</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#requirements"><strong>2.1</strong><span>Installation Requirements</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#downloadingAndInstalling"><strong>2.2</strong><span>Downloading and Installing</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#creatingAnApplication"><strong>2.3</strong><span>Creating an Application</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#aHelloWorldExample"><strong>2.4</strong><span>A Hello World Example</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#usingInteractiveMode"><strong>2.5</strong><span>Using Interactive Mode</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#ide"><strong>2.6</strong><span>Getting Set Up in an IDE</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#conventionOverConfiguration"><strong>2.7</strong><span>Convention over Configuration</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#runningAndDebuggingAnApplication"><strong>2.8</strong><span>Running and Debugging an Application</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#testingAnApplication"><strong>2.9</strong><span>Testing an Application</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#deployingAnApplication"><strong>2.10</strong><span>Deploying an Application</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#supportedJavaEEContainers"><strong>2.11</strong><span>Supported Java EE Containers</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#creatingArtefacts"><strong>2.12</strong><span>Creating Artefacts</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/gettingStarted.html#generatingAnApplication"><strong>2.13</strong><span>Generating an Application</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/upgrading.html"><strong>3</strong><span>Upgrading</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/upgrading.html#upgrading32x"><strong>3.1</strong><span>Upgrading from Grails 3.2</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/upgrading.html#upgrading31x"><strong>3.2</strong><span>Upgrading from Grails 3.1</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/upgrading.html#upgrading3x"><strong>3.3</strong><span>Upgrading from Grails 3.0</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/upgrading.html#upgrading2x"><strong>3.4</strong><span>Upgrading from Grails 2.x</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/upgrading.html#upgradingPlugins"><strong>3.4.1</strong><span>Upgrading Plugins</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/upgrading.html#upgradingApps"><strong>3.4.2</strong><span>Upgrading Applications</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/upgrading.html#upgradingGeneral"><strong>3.4.3</strong><span>General Changes to be aware of when migrating apps</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/conf.html"><strong>4</strong><span>Configuration</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#config"><strong>4.1</strong><span>Basic Configuration</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#ymlOptions"><strong>4.1.1</strong><span>Options for the YML format Config</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#builtInOptions"><strong>4.1.2</strong><span>Built in options</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#logging"><strong>4.1.3</strong><span>Logging</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#configGORM"><strong>4.1.4</strong><span>GORM</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#proxyConfig"><strong>4.1.5</strong><span>Configuring an HTTP proxy</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#applicationClass"><strong>4.2</strong><span>The Application Class</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#executing"><strong>4.2.1</strong><span>Executing the Application Class</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#customizing"><strong>4.2.2</strong><span>Customizing the Application Class</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#applicationLifeCycle"><strong>4.2.3</strong><span>The Application LifeCycle</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#environments"><strong>4.3</strong><span>Environments</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#dataSource"><strong>4.4</strong><span>The DataSource</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#dataSourcesAndEnvironments"><strong>4.4.1</strong><span>DataSources and Environments</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#automaticDatabaseMigration"><strong>4.4.2</strong><span>Automatic Database Migration</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#transactionAwareDataSourceProxy"><strong>4.4.3</strong><span>Transaction-aware DataSource Proxy</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#databaseConsole"><strong>4.4.4</strong><span>Database Console</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#multipleDatasources"><strong>4.4.5</strong><span>Multiple Datasources</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#versioning"><strong>4.5</strong><span>Versioning</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/conf.html#dependencyResolution"><strong>4.6</strong><span>Dependency Resolution</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html"><strong>5</strong><span>The Command Line</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#interactiveMode"><strong>5.1</strong><span>Interactive Mode</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#creatingCustomScripts"><strong>5.2</strong><span>Creating Custom Scripts</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#creatingCustomCommands"><strong>5.3</strong><span>Creating Custom Commands</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#reusingGrailsScripts"><strong>5.4</strong><span>Re-using Grails scripts</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#gradleBuild"><strong>5.5</strong><span>Building with Gradle</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#gradleDependencies"><strong>5.5.1</strong><span>Defining Dependencies with Gradle</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#gradleTasks"><strong>5.5.2</strong><span>Working with Gradle Tasks</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/commandLine.html#gradlePlugins"><strong>5.5.3</strong><span>Grails plugins for Gradle</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/profiles.html"><strong>6</strong><span>Application Profiles</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/profiles.html#creatingProfiles"><strong>6.1</strong><span>Creating Profiles</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/profiles.html#profileInheritance"><strong>6.2</strong><span>Profile Inheritance</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/profiles.html#publishingProfiles"><strong>6.3</strong><span>Publishing Profiles</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/profiles.html#profileStructure"><strong>6.4</strong><span>Understanding Profiles</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/profiles.html#profileCommands"><strong>6.5</strong><span>Creating Profile Commands</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/profiles.html#profileFeatures"><strong>6.6</strong><span>Creating Profile Features</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html"><strong>7</strong><span>Object Relational Mapping (GORM)</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#quickStartGuide"><strong>7.1</strong><span>Quick Start Guide</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#basicCRUD"><strong>7.1.1</strong><span>Basic CRUD</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/GORM.html#furtherReading"><strong>7.2</strong><span>Further Reading on GORM</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html"><strong>8</strong><span>The Web Layer</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#controllers"><strong>8.1</strong><span>Controllers</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#understandingControllersAndActions"><strong>8.1.1</strong><span>Understanding Controllers and Actions</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#controllersAndScopes"><strong>8.1.2</strong><span>Controllers and Scopes</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#modelsAndViews"><strong>8.1.3</strong><span>Models and Views</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#redirectsAndChaining"><strong>8.1.4</strong><span>Redirects and Chaining</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#dataBinding"><strong>8.1.5</strong><span>Data Binding</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#jsonResponses"><strong>8.1.6</strong><span>Responding with JSON</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#moreOnJSONBuilder"><strong>8.1.7</strong><span>More on JSONBuilder</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#xmlResponses"><strong>8.1.8</strong><span>Responding with XML</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#uploadingFiles"><strong>8.1.9</strong><span>Uploading Files</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#commandObjects"><strong>8.1.10</strong><span>Command Objects</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#formtokens"><strong>8.1.11</strong><span>Handling Duplicate Form Submissions</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#typeConverters"><strong>8.1.12</strong><span>Simple Type Converters</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#controllerExceptionHandling"><strong>8.1.13</strong><span>Declarative Controller Exception Handling</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#gsp"><strong>8.2</strong><span>Groovy Server Pages</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#GSPBasics"><strong>8.2.1</strong><span>GSP Basics</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#variablesAndScopes"><strong>8.2.1.1</strong><span>Variables and Scopes</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#logicAndIteration"><strong>8.2.1.2</strong><span>Logic and Iteration</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#pageDirectives"><strong>8.2.1.3</strong><span>Page Directives</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#expressions"><strong>8.2.1.4</strong><span>Expressions</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#tags"><strong>8.2.2</strong><span>GSP Tags</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#tagVariablesAndScopes"><strong>8.2.2.1</strong><span>Variables and Scopes</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#tagLogicAndIteration"><strong>8.2.2.2</strong><span>Logic and Iteration</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#searchAndFiltering"><strong>8.2.2.3</strong><span>Search and Filtering</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#linksAndResources"><strong>8.2.2.4</strong><span>Links and Resources</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#formsAndFields"><strong>8.2.2.5</strong><span>Forms and Fields</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#tagsAsMethodCalls"><strong>8.2.2.6</strong><span>Tags as Method Calls</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#viewsAndTemplates"><strong>8.2.3</strong><span>Views and Templates</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#layouts"><strong>8.2.4</strong><span>Layouts with Sitemesh</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#resources"><strong>8.2.5</strong><span>Static Resources</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#sitemeshContentBlocks"><strong>8.2.6</strong><span>Sitemesh Content Blocks</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#makingChangesToADeployedApplication"><strong>8.2.7</strong><span>Making Changes to a Deployed Application</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#GSPDebugging"><strong>8.2.8</strong><span>GSP Debugging</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#taglibs"><strong>8.3</strong><span>Tag Libraries</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#taglibVariablesAndScopes"><strong>8.3.1</strong><span>Variables and Scopes</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#simpleTags"><strong>8.3.2</strong><span>Simple Tags</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#logicalTags"><strong>8.3.3</strong><span>Logical Tags</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#iterativeTags"><strong>8.3.4</strong><span>Iterative Tags</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#namespaces"><strong>8.3.5</strong><span>Tag Namespaces</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#usingJSPTagLibraries"><strong>8.3.6</strong><span>Using JSP Tag Libraries</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#tagReturnValue"><strong>8.3.7</strong><span>Tag return value</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#urlmappings"><strong>8.4</strong><span>URL Mappings</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#mappingToControllersAndActions"><strong>8.4.1</strong><span>Mapping to Controllers and Actions</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#restfulMappings"><strong>8.4.2</strong><span>Mapping to REST resources</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#redirectMappings"><strong>8.4.3</strong><span>Redirects In URL Mappings</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#embeddedVariables"><strong>8.4.4</strong><span>Embedded Variables</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#mappingToViews"><strong>8.4.5</strong><span>Mapping to Views</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#mappingToResponseCodes"><strong>8.4.6</strong><span>Mapping to Response Codes</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#mappingHTTP"><strong>8.4.7</strong><span>Mapping to HTTP methods</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#mappingWildcards"><strong>8.4.8</strong><span>Mapping Wildcards</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#automaticLinkRewriting"><strong>8.4.9</strong><span>Automatic Link Re-Writing</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#applyingConstraints"><strong>8.4.10</strong><span>Applying Constraints</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#namedMappings"><strong>8.4.11</strong><span>Named URL Mappings</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#customizingUrlFormat"><strong>8.4.12</strong><span>Customizing URL Formats</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#namespacedControllers"><strong>8.4.13</strong><span>Namespaced Controllers</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#cors"><strong>8.5</strong><span>CORS</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#interceptors"><strong>8.6</strong><span>Interceptors</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#definingInterceptors"><strong>8.6.1</strong><span>Defining Interceptors</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#interceptorMatching"><strong>8.6.2</strong><span>Matching Requests with Inteceptors</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#interceptorOrdering"><strong>8.6.3</strong><span>Ordering Interceptor Execution</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/theWebLayer.html#contentNegotiation"><strong>8.7</strong><span>Content Negotiation</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/traits.html"><strong>9</strong><span>Traits</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/traits.html#traitsprovided"><strong>9.1</strong><span>Traits Provided by Grails</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/traits.html#example"><strong>9.1.1</strong><span>WebAttributes Trait Example</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html"><strong>10</strong><span>Web Services</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#REST"><strong>10.1</strong><span>REST</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#domainResources"><strong>10.1.1</strong><span>Domain classes as REST resources</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#urlMappings"><strong>10.1.2</strong><span>Mapping to REST resources</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#linkingToResources"><strong>10.1.3</strong><span>Linking to REST resources from GSP pages</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#versioningResources"><strong>10.1.4</strong><span>Versioning REST resources</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#restfulControllers"><strong>10.1.5</strong><span>Implementing REST controllers</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#extendingRestfulController"><strong>10.1.5.1</strong><span>Extending the RestfulController super class</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#restControllersStepByStep"><strong>10.1.5.2</strong><span>Implementing REST Controllers Step by Step</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#generatingRestControllers"><strong>10.1.5.3</strong><span>Generating a REST controller using scaffolding</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#restProfile"><strong>10.1.6</strong><span>The REST Profile</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#angularJsProfile"><strong>10.1.7</strong><span>The AngularJS Profile</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#angularProfile"><strong>10.1.8</strong><span>The Angular Profile</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#jsonViews"><strong>10.1.9</strong><span>JSON Views</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#jsonViewsSetup"><strong>10.1.9.1</strong><span>Getting Started</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#jsonViewsCreating"><strong>10.1.9.2</strong><span>Creating JSON Views</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#jsonViewsAndTemplates"><strong>10.1.9.3</strong><span>JSON View Templates</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#jsonViewsAndDomainClasses"><strong>10.1.9.4</strong><span>Rendering Domain Classes with JSON Views</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#jsonViewsTemplatesAndConventions"><strong>10.1.9.5</strong><span>JSON Views by Convention</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#renderers"><strong>10.1.10</strong><span>Customizing Response Rendering</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#defaultRenderers"><strong>10.1.10.1</strong><span>Customizing the Default Renderers</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#customRenderers"><strong>10.1.10.2</strong><span>Implementing a Custom Renderer</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#gspRenderers"><strong>10.1.10.3</strong><span>Using GSP to Customize Rendering</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#hypermedia"><strong>10.1.11</strong><span>Hypermedia as the Engine of Application State</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#hal"><strong>10.1.11.1</strong><span>HAL Support</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#atom"><strong>10.1.11.2</strong><span>Atom Support</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:30px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#vndError"><strong>10.1.11.3</strong><span>Vnd.Error Support</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#binding"><strong>10.1.12</strong><span>Customizing Binding of Resources</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/webServices.html#RSSAndAtom"><strong>10.2</strong><span>RSS and Atom</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/async.html"><strong>11</strong><span>Asynchronous Programming</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/async.html#promises"><strong>11.1</strong><span>Promises</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/async.html#rxjava"><strong>11.2</strong><span>Reactive Programming with RxJava</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/async.html#serverSentEvents"><strong>11.2.1</strong><span>Server Sent Events</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/async.html#rxGorm"><strong>11.2.2</strong><span>RxGORM</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/async.html#events"><strong>11.3</strong><span>Events</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/async.html#consuming"><strong>11.3.1</strong><span>Consuming Events</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/async.html#notifying"><strong>11.3.2</strong><span>Event Notification</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/async.html#annotations"><strong>11.3.3</strong><span>Reactor Spring Annotations</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/async.html#gormEvents"><strong>11.3.4</strong><span>Events from GORM</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/async.html#springEvents"><strong>11.3.5</strong><span>Events from Spring</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/async.html#asyncGorm"><strong>11.4</strong><span>Asynchronous GORM</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/async.html#asyncRequests"><strong>11.5</strong><span>Asynchronous Request Handling</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/async.html#asyncServletApi"><strong>11.6</strong><span>Servlet 3.0 Async</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/validation.html"><strong>12</strong><span>Validation</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/validation.html#constraints"><strong>12.1</strong><span>Declaring Constraints</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/validation.html#validatingConstraints"><strong>12.2</strong><span>Validating Constraints</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/validation.html#sharingConstraints"><strong>12.3</strong><span>Sharing Constraints Between Classes</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/validation.html#validationOnTheClient"><strong>12.4</strong><span>Validation on the Client</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/validation.html#validationAndInternationalization"><strong>12.5</strong><span>Validation and Internationalization</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/validation.html#validationNonDomainAndCommandObjectClasses"><strong>12.6</strong><span>Applying Validation to Other Classes</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/services.html"><strong>13</strong><span>The Service Layer</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/services.html#declarativeTransactions"><strong>13.1</strong><span>Declarative Transactions</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/services.html#transactionsRollbackAndTheSession"><strong>13.1.1</strong><span>Transactions Rollback and the Session</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/services.html#scopedServices"><strong>13.2</strong><span>Scoped Services</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/services.html#dependencyInjectionServices"><strong>13.3</strong><span>Dependency Injection and Services</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/staticTypeCheckingAndCompilation.html"><strong>14</strong><span>Static Type Checking And Compilation</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/staticTypeCheckingAndCompilation.html#grailsCompileStatic"><strong>14.1</strong><span>The GrailsCompileStatic Annotation</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/staticTypeCheckingAndCompilation.html#grailsTypeChecked"><strong>14.2</strong><span>The GrailsTypeChecked Annotation</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/testing.html"><strong>15</strong><span>Testing</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#unitTesting"><strong>15.1</strong><span>Unit Testing</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#unitTestingControllers"><strong>15.1.1</strong><span>Unit Testing Controllers</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#unitTestingTagLibraries"><strong>15.1.2</strong><span>Unit Testing Tag Libraries</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#unitTestingDomains"><strong>15.1.3</strong><span>Unit Testing Domains</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#unitTestingFilters"><strong>15.1.4</strong><span>Unit Testing Filters</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#unitTestingURLMappings"><strong>15.1.5</strong><span>Unit Testing URL Mappings</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#mockingCollaborators"><strong>15.1.6</strong><span>Mocking Collaborators</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#mockingCodecs"><strong>15.1.7</strong><span>Mocking Codecs</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#unitTestMetaprogramming"><strong>15.1.8</strong><span>Unit Test Metaprogramming</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#integrationTesting"><strong>15.2</strong><span>Integration Testing</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/testing.html#functionalTesting"><strong>15.3</strong><span>Functional Testing</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/i18n.html"><strong>16</strong><span>Internationalization</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/i18n.html#understandingMessageBundles"><strong>16.1</strong><span>Understanding Message Bundles</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/i18n.html#changingLocales"><strong>16.2</strong><span>Changing Locales</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/i18n.html#readingMessages"><strong>16.3</strong><span>Reading Messages</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/i18n.html#scaffoldingAndI18n"><strong>16.4</strong><span>Scaffolding and i18n</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/security.html"><strong>17</strong><span>Security</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/security.html#securingAgainstAttacks"><strong>17.1</strong><span>Securing Against Attacks</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/security.html#xssPrevention"><strong>17.2</strong><span>Cross Site Scripting (XSS) Prevention</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/security.html#codecs"><strong>17.3</strong><span>Encoding and Decoding Objects</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/security.html#authentication"><strong>17.4</strong><span>Authentication</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/security.html#securityPlugins"><strong>17.5</strong><span>Security Plugins</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:20px"><a href="./guide/security.html#springSecurity"><strong>17.5.1</strong><span>Spring Security</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:0px"><a href="./guide/plugins.html"><strong>18</strong><span>Plugins</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/plugins.html#creatingAndInstallingPlugins"><strong>18.1</strong><span>Creating and Installing Plugins</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/plugins.html#repositories"><strong>18.2</strong><span>Plugin Repositories</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/plugins.html#providingBasicArtefacts"><strong>18.3</strong><span>Providing Basic Artefacts</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/plugins.html#evaluatingConventions"><strong>18.4</strong><span>Evaluating Conventions</span></a></div>
                            
                            <div class="toc-item" style="margin-left:10px"><a href="./guide/plugins.html#hookingIntoRuntimeConfiguration"><strong>18.5</strong><span>Hooking into Runtime Configuration</span></a></div>
                            
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